Systems and methods for reducing backside deposition and mitigating
thickness changes at substrate edges

ABSTRACT

A substrate processing system for depositing film on a substrate includes a processing chamber defining a reaction volume and including a substrate support for supporting the substrate. A gas delivery system is configured to introduce process gas into the reaction volume of the processing chamber. A plasma generator is configured to selectively generate RF plasma in the reaction volume. A clamping system is configured to clamp the substrate to the substrate support during deposition of the film. A backside purging system is configured to supply a reactant gas to a backside edge of the substrate to purge the backside edge during the deposition of the film.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to substrate processing systems, and moreparticularly to systems and methods for reducing backside filmdeposition and mitigating thickness changes at substrate edges duringfilm deposition.

BACKGROUND

The background description provided here is for the purpose of generallypresenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently namedinventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, aswell as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify asprior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedlyadmitted as prior art against the present disclosure.

Substrate processing systems may be used to perform deposition of filmon a substrate. Substrate processing systems typically include aprocessing chamber defining a reaction volume. A substrate support suchas a pedestal, a chuck, a plate, etc. is arranged in the processingchamber. A substrate such as a semiconductor wafer may be arranged onthe substrate support. During atomic layer deposition (ALD), one or moreALD cycles are performed to deposit film on the substrate. Forplasma-based ALD, each ALD cycle includes precursor dose, purge, RFplasma dose, and purge steps.

During deposition of film onto the substrate, deposition may also occurin locations other than the top portion of the substrate where it isdesired. Deposition may occur along a backside edge of the substrate(hereinafter “backside edge deposition”). The backside edge depositionmay cause problems during subsequent processing. In spacer applications,backside edge deposition may cause defocusing issues during subsequentlithography steps.

Since ALD films are inherently conformal (due to the surface-saturatedmechanism), both half reactions should be minimized on the backside ofthe substrate. In other words, flow of precursor to the backside of thesubstrate during the precursor dose should be minimized or eliminated.In addition, plasma wrap around to the backside of the substrate alsoneeds to be minimized or eliminated.

Typically, purge gas such as argon may be directed at the backside edgeof the substrate. However even when using the purge gas, backsidedeposition may still occur. In some examples, greater than 250 A ofbackside deposition at 3 mm from the wafer edge may occur.

SUMMARY

A substrate processing system for depositing film on a substrateincludes a processing chamber defining a reaction volume and including asubstrate support for supporting the substrate. A gas delivery system isconfigured to introduce process gas into the reaction volume of theprocessing chamber. A plasma generator is configured to selectivelygenerate RF plasma in the reaction volume. A clamping system isconfigured to clamp the substrate to the substrate support duringdeposition of the film. A backside purging system is configured tosupply a reactant gas to a backside edge of the substrate to purge thebackside edge during the deposition of the film.

In other features, the clamping system includes a vacuum clamping systemto clamp the substrate to the substrate support using vacuum pressure.The reactant gas to purge the backside edge includes molecular oxygenand the film includes silicon dioxide. The reactant gas to purge thebackside edge includes nitrous oxide and the film includes silicondioxide. The reactant gas to purge the backside edge includes molecularoxygen and the film includes titanium dioxide. The reactant gas to purgethe backside edge includes nitrous oxide and the film includes titaniumdioxide. The reactant gas to purge the backside edge includes molecularnitrogen and the film includes silicon nitride. The reactant gas topurge the backside edge includes ammonia and the film includes siliconnitride.

In other features, the film is deposited using atomic layer deposition.The backside purging system flows the reactant gas at a rate sufficientto move the substrate in the absence of the vacuum pressure. The vacuumclamping system includes a valve, a cavity arranged on asubstrate-facing surface of the substrate support, wherein the cavity isin fluid communication with the valve, and a vacuum source in fluidcommunication with the valve.

In other features, the backside purging system includes a valve, acavity arranged on a substrate-facing surface of the substrate supportadjacent to an edge of the substrate, wherein the cavity is in fluidcommunication with the valve, and a reactant gas source in fluidcommunication with the valve.

In other features, a controller is configured to control the gasdelivery system, the plasma generator, the clamping system, and thebackside purging system during one or more atomic layer depositioncycles.

A method for depositing film on a substrate includes arranging asubstrate on a substrate support in a reaction volume of a processingchamber; selectively introducing process gases into the reaction volumeof the processing chamber and generating RF plasma to deposit film onthe substrate; clamping the substrate to the substrate support duringdeposition of the film; and supplying a reactant gas to a backside edgeof the substrate to purge the backside of the substrate edge during thedeposition of the film.

In other features, clamping the substrate to the substrate support usesvacuum pressure. The reactant gas to purge the backside edge includesmolecular oxygen and the film includes silicon dioxide. The reactant gasto purge the backside edge includes nitrous oxide and the film includessilicon dioxide. The reactant gas to purge the backside edge includesmolecular oxygen and the film includes titanium dioxide. The reactantgas to purge the backside edge includes nitrous oxide and the filmincludes titanium dioxide. The reactant gas to purge the backside edgeincludes molecular nitrogen and the film includes silicon nitride. Thereactant gas to purge the backside edge includes ammonia and the filmincludes silicon nitride.

In other features, the film is deposited using atomic layer deposition.The method further includes maintaining the processing chamber at avacuum pressure of 2 to 3 Torr and flowing the reactant gas at a rate of150 to 450 sccm. The clamping includes arranging a cavity on asubstrate-facing surface of the substrate support, wherein the cavity isin fluid communication with a valve; arranging a vacuum source in fluidcommunication with the valve; and controlling the valve to vacuum clampthe substrate to the substrate support.

In other features, supplying the reactant gas includes arranging acavity on a substrate-facing surface of the substrate support adjacentto an edge of the substrate, wherein the cavity is in fluidcommunication with a valve; arranging a reactant gas source in fluidcommunication with the valve; and controlling the valve to supply thereactant gas to purge the backside edge of the substrate.

Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will becomeapparent from the detailed description, the claims and the drawings. Thedetailed description and specific examples are intended for purposes ofillustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of thedisclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure will become more fully understood from thedetailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of an example of a substrateprocessing system with vacuum clamping and backside purging usingreactant gas according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of an example of a substrateprocessing system with vacuum clamping and backside purging usingreactant gas according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view illustrating an example of a substratesupport including a vacuum clamping system and a backside purge systemaccording to the present disclosure;

FIG. 4A is a graph illustrating a backside X-line scan (radial) forvarious backside purge flow rates using oxygen;

FIG. 4B is a graph illustrating a backside edge ring scan (azimuthal)for various backside purge flow rates using oxygen;

FIG. 5 illustrates front side deposition thickness for argon and oxygenbackside purge gases at 250 sccm;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method for processinga substrate using vacuum clamping and backside purging according to thepresent disclosure; and

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of timing of process gases,vacuum clamping and purge gas during an ALD cycle according to thepresent disclosure.

In the drawings, reference numbers may be reused to identify similarand/or identical elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Systems and methods according to the present disclosure reduce oreliminate backside deposition of film deposited during RF plasma-basedALD. The systems and methods described herein employ backside edgepurging with a reactant gas instead of non-reactive or inert gases. Forexample only, molecular oxygen (O₂) or nitrous oxide (N₂O) may be usedfor the backside edge purge gas when depositing silicon dioxide (SiO₂)or titanium dioxide (TiO₂) films. For example only, molecular nitrogen(N₂) or ammonia (NH₃) may be used for the backside edge purge gas whendepositing silicon nitride (SiN) films. Additionally while SiO₂ and TiO₂are specifically disclosed herein, the present disclosure relates toother ALD oxide or nitride films including silicon (Si), hafnium (Hf),aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), etc.

In some examples, the backside edge purging may be performed using anincreased flow rate to reduce or eliminate backside deposition below anacceptable level. To prevent movement of the substrate due to the highflow rate of the backside edge purge gas, the substrate may be clamped.For example only, vacuum clamping of the substrate may use vacuumpressure sufficient to counter the positive pressure that is exerted bythe backside purge gas at the edge of the substrate. In some examples,the backside purge gas mitigates parasitic power loss and preventsthickness variations at the edge of the substrate.

In some examples, the reactant gas is supplied to a substrate supportthat includes edge purge slits or cavities directed at the edges of thesubstrate. The reactant gas is supplied at a relatively high flow rateto the backside edge of the substrate to suppress backside edgedeposition. Vacuum clamping may be used at a center portion of thesubstrate to hold the substrate in place during deposition. In someexamples, the vacuum clamping may be performed by providing one or moreslits or cavities below the substrate and by selectively connecting theone or more slits or cavities to a vacuum source using a valve. In someexamples, the vacuum pressure exerts downward pressure on a portion ofthe substrate that is higher than upward pressure exerted on theradially outer edge of the substrate.

In some examples, oxygen is used as a backside purge gas. The use ofoxygen helps to prevent light-up in the edge purge slits and/orassociated hollow cathode discharge (HCD) signatures that are observedwhen argon is used. Argon has a lower breakdown voltage than oxygen.When oxygen is used instead of argon, thickness variations on the frontside edge profile are also eliminated (particularly at a notch).

Referring now to FIG. 1, a Paschen curve is shown. The breakdown voltageof inert gases such as Argon are relatively low at typical processpressures such as 2-10 Torr. As can be seen, the breakdown pressure ofmolecular hydrogen and nitrogen are higher. In some examples, thebackside purge gas is selected to have a higher breakdown voltage thanargon.

Referring now to FIG. 2, an example of a substrate processing system 10for depositing film using ALD, backside purging with a reactant gas andvacuum clamping according to the present disclosure is shown. Thesubstrate processing system 10 includes a processing chamber 12. Processgases may be supplied to the processing chamber 12 using a gasdistribution device 14 such as showerhead or other device. A substrate18 such as a semiconductor wafer may be arranged on a substrate support16 during processing. The substrate support 16 may include a pedestal,an electrostatic chuck, a mechanical chuck or other type of substratesupport.

A gas delivery system 20 may include one or more gas sources 22-2, 22-2,. . . , and 22-N (collectively gas sources 22), where N is an integergreater than one. Valves 24-1, 24-2, . . . , and 24-N (collectivelyvalves 24), mass flow controllers 26-1, 26-2, . . . , and 26-N(collectively mass flow controllers 26), or other flow control devicesmay be used to controllably supply a precursor dose, a plasma gasmixture, inert gases, purge gases, and mixtures thereof to a manifold30, which supplies the gas mixture to the processing chamber 12.

A controller 40 may be used to monitor process parameters such astemperature, pressure etc. (using sensors 41) and to control processtiming. The controller 40 may be used to control process devices such asthe gas delivery system 20, a substrate support heater 42, and/or an RFplasma generator 46. The controller 40 may also be used to evacuate theprocessing chamber 12 using a valve 50 and pump 52.

The RF plasma generator 46 generates the RF plasma in the processingchamber. The RF plasma generator 46 may be an inductive orcapacitive-type RF plasma generator. In some examples, the RF plasmagenerator 46 may include an RF supply 60 and a matching and distributionnetwork 64. While the RF plasma generator 46 is shown connected to thegas distribution device 14 with the substrate support grounded orfloating, the RF plasma generator 46 can be connected to the substratesupport 16 and the gas distribution device 14 can be grounded orfloating.

A vacuum clamping system 68 may be used to hold the substrate on thesubstrate support. For example only, the vacuum clamping system 68 mayinclude a valve 70 that selectively connects one or more slits orcavities located in a portion of the substrate support 16 to a vacuumsource 72. The one or more slits or cavities may be spaced apart atregular or irregular intervals. Alternately, the one or more slits orcavities may include one or more annular-shaped slits or cavities, oneor more arcuate-shaped slits or cavities, and/or any other suitableshapes. As can be appreciated, the substrate 18 may be clamped to thesubstrate support 16 in other suitable ways such as using electrostaticforce, mechanical force, etc.

A backside purge system 74 may be used to supply reactant gas to purge aradially outer edge of the substrate. In some examples, the backsidepurge system 74 may include a valve 76 that selectively connects a purgegas source 78 (e.g. O₂ or N₂O for SiO₂ film or N₂ or NH₃ for SiN film)to one or more edge purge slits or cavities located adjacent to abackside edge of the substrate 18. The one or more edge purge slits orcavities may be spaced at regular or irregular intervals. Alternately,the one or more edge purge slits or cavities may include one or moreannular-shaped slits or cavities (and lie adjacent to the entire edge ofthe substrate), one or more arcuate-shaped slits or cavities, and/or anyother suitable shapes. In some examples, the valve 76 may be a variableorifice valve having two or more positions, a multi-stage valve havingtwo or more positions or stages, etc. to allow different flow rates tobe used.

Referring now to FIG. 3, an edge ring 104 rests on a radially outerportion of the substrate support 16 and defines an inner ledge 106 toreceive a radially outer edge of the substrate 18. The substrate support16 also defines one or more slits or cavities 114. The slits or cavities114 are selectively connected by the valve 70 (FIG. 2) to the vacuumsource 72. For example, one or more fluid conduits 116 may connect theone or more slits or cavities 114 to the vacuum source 72. The vacuumsource 72 evacuates the one or more slits or cavities 114 as shown at118 and provides vacuum clamping force on a portion of the substrate 18.

One or more edge purge slits or cavities 130 may be selectivelyconnected by the valve 76 (FIG. 2) and one or more fluid conduits 134 tothe purge gas source 78. Reactant gas is supplied to the edge purgeslits or cavities 130 as shown at 136. In some examples, the edge purgeslits or cavities 130 are arranged to direct the reactant gas at thebackside edge. For example, the edge purge slits or cavities 130 may bearranged at an angle θ with respect to the substrate 18. In someexamples, the angle θ is greater than 0° and less than 90°. In someexamples, the angle θ is in the range of approximately 30° to 60° or 40°to 50°.

Without vacuum clamping, flow rates above approximately 150 sccm ofbackside purge flow appear to visually move the substrate at typicalprocess pressures. As a result, higher flow rates risk causing breakageor defects. With vacuum clamping on the backside (at a typical processpressure of 2.2 Torr), the flow rate can be increased to approximately450 sccm. In some examples, the flow rate for the backside purge gas isbetween 150 sccm and 450 sccm, although other values may be used forother process pressures.

Referring now to FIGS. 4A and 4B, a minimum of 250 sccm flow(independent of the nature of gas, Ar or O₂) may be used to suppressbackside deposition to less than 50A at 3 mm edge exclusion for a filmwith a targeted film thickness of 350A on the front side of thesubstrate. In this example, approximately 300 sccm shows some additionalimproved performance.

Referring now to FIG. 5, the elimination of thickness discontinuity at anotch is also accomplished when switching backside purge gas from theinert gas Ar to the reactive gas O₂. This is attributed to reducedparasitic power loss by using O₂, which has a higher breakdown voltageat typical process pressures. There is also reduced hollow cathodedischarge (HCD) and light-up with O₂ as compared to Ar. Reduction of thedeposition rate as shown in FIG. 5 is also indicative of higher powerdelivered to the wafer with O₂ as compared to Ar. Higher power leads toa lower deposition rate due to densification in this plasma conversionregime.

Referring now to FIG. 6, an example of a method 200 for depositing filmusing ALD is shown. At 202, vacuum clamping and backside purge usingreactive gas are initiated. At 204 a precursor dose is introduced intothe reaction volume of the processing chamber. At 206, the precursordose is purged from the reaction volume after a predetermined exposureperiod. At 210, a plasma dose is introduced. At 214, the plasma dose ispurged. At 216, one or more additional cycles may be performed. Ifadditional cycles are needed as determined at 216, control returns to204. If 216 is false, control continues with 220 and turns off thevacuum clamping and backside purge.

Referring now to FIG. 7, other example timing for an ALD cycle is shown.LCD refers to line charge delay, PtB refers to pump to base pressure,and PA refers to pump away. The LCD period is used to charge supplylines prior to actual deposition and the PtB and PA periods are postdeposition actions that are used mainly to evacuate the processingchamber and to reduce gas-phase particles. In this example, the backsidepurge is a two stage signal. A lower value is used during the soakperiod and then a higher value is used during the rest of the controlperiods in the ALD cycle. The two stages may be used to allow the vacuumclamping to turn on before and reach steady-state vacuum pressure beforethe backside purge gas reaches steady-state purge pressure. The twostage turn-on reduces the chance of substrate movement as the backsidepurge gas is turned on.

In some examples, the film is SiO₂. For SiO₂ film, the precursor dosemay include diisopropylaminosilane (DIPAS), 2nte,Silanediamine,N,N,N′,N′-tetraethyl (SAM24), tris[dimethylamino]silane(3DMAS), or other suitable precursors; the plasma gas mixture mayinclude Ar, O₂, N₂, N₂O, combinations of two or more of the foregoing,or other suitable plasma gas mixtures; and backside purge gas includesO₂ or N₂.

In some examples, the film is TiO₂. The precursor dose may includetetrakis-dimethyl-amino-titanium (TDMAT), titanium tetrachloride(TiCI₄), or other suitable precursors; the plasma gas mixture mayinclude Ar, O₂, N₂, N₂O, combinations of two or more of the foregoing,or other suitable plasma gas mixtures; and backside purge gas includesO₂ or N₂.

In some examples, the film is SiN. The plasma gas mixture may includeNH₃, N₂ and Ar, combinations of two or more of the foregoing, or othersuitable plasma gas mixture; and backside purge gas includes N₂ or NH₃.

The foregoing description is merely illustrative in nature and is in noway intended to limit the disclosure, its application, or uses. Thebroad teachings of the disclosure can be implemented in a variety offorms. Therefore, while this disclosure includes particular examples,the true scope of the disclosure should not be so limited since othermodifications will become apparent upon a study of the drawings, thespecification, and the following claims. As used herein, the phrase atleast one of A, B, and C should be construed to mean a logical (A OR BOR C), using a non-exclusive logical OR, and should not be construed tomean “at least one of A, at least one of B, and at least one of C.” Itshould be understood that one or more steps within a method may beexecuted in different order (or concurrently) without altering theprinciples of the present disclosure.

In some implementations, a controller is part of a system, which may bepart of the above-described examples. Such systems can comprisesemiconductor processing equipment, including a processing tool ortools, chamber or chambers, a platform or platforms for processing,and/or specific processing components (a wafer substrate support, a gasflow system, etc.). These systems may be integrated with electronics forcontrolling their operation before, during, and after processing of asemiconductor wafer or substrate. The electronics may be referred to asthe “controller,” which may control various components or subparts ofthe system or systems. The controller, depending on the processingrequirements and/or the type of system, may be programmed to control anyof the processes disclosed herein, including the delivery of processinggases, temperature settings (e.g., heating and/or cooling), pressuresettings, vacuum settings, power settings, radio frequency (RF)generator settings, RF matching circuit settings, frequency settings,flow rate settings, fluid delivery settings, positional and operationsettings, wafer transfers into and out of a tool and other transfertools and/or load locks connected to or interfaced with a specificsystem.

Broadly speaking, the controller may be defined as electronics havingvarious integrated circuits, logic, memory, and/or software that receiveinstructions, issue instructions, control operation, enable cleaningoperations, enable endpoint measurements, and the like. The integratedcircuits may include chips in the form of firmware that store programinstructions, digital signal processors (DSPs), chips defined asapplication specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and/or one or moremicroprocessors, or microcontrollers that execute program instructions(e.g., software). Program instructions may be instructions communicatedto the controller in the form of various individual settings (or programfiles), defining operational parameters for carrying out a particularprocess on or for a semiconductor wafer or to a system. The operationalparameters may, in some embodiments, be part of a recipe defined byprocess engineers to accomplish one or more processing steps during thefabrication of one or more layers, materials, metals, oxides, silicon,silicon dioxide, surfaces, circuits, and/or dies of a wafer.

The controller, in some implementations, may be a part of or coupled toa computer that is integrated with the system, coupled to the system,otherwise networked to the system, or a combination thereof. Forexample, the controller may be in the “cloud” or all or a part of a fabhost computer system, which can allow for remote access of the waferprocessing. The computer may enable remote access to the system tomonitor current progress of fabrication operations, examine a history ofpast fabrication operations, examine trends or performance metrics froma plurality of fabrication operations, to change parameters of currentprocessing, to set processing steps to follow a current processing, orto start a new process. In some examples, a remote computer (e.g. aserver) can provide process recipes to a system over a network, whichmay include a local network or the Internet. The remote computer mayinclude a user interface that enables entry or programming of parametersand/or settings, which are then communicated to the system from theremote computer. In some examples, the controller receives instructionsin the form of data, which specify parameters for each of the processingsteps to be performed during one or more operations. It should beunderstood that the parameters may be specific to the type of process tobe performed and the type of tool that the controller is configured tointerface with or control. Thus as described above, the controller maybe distributed, such as by comprising one or more discrete controllersthat are networked together and working towards a common purpose, suchas the processes and controls described herein. An example of adistributed controller for such purposes would be one or more integratedcircuits on a chamber in communication with one or more integratedcircuits located remotely (such as at the platform level or as part of aremote computer) that combine to control a process on the chamber.

Without limitation, example systems may include a plasma etch chamber ormodule, a deposition chamber or module, a spin-rinse chamber or module,a metal plating chamber or module, a clean chamber or module, a beveledge etch chamber or module, a physical vapor deposition (PVD) chamberor module, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber or module, anatomic layer deposition (ALD) chamber or module, an atomic layer etch(ALE) chamber or module, an ion implantation chamber or module, a trackchamber or module, and any other semiconductor processing systems thatmay be associated or used in the fabrication and/or manufacturing ofsemiconductor wafers.

As noted above, depending on the process step or steps to be performedby the tool, the controller might communicate with one or more of othertool circuits or modules, other tool components, cluster tools, othertool interfaces, adjacent tools, neighboring tools, tools locatedthroughout a factory, a main computer, another controller, or tools usedin material transport that bring containers of wafers to and from toollocations and/or load ports in a semiconductor manufacturing factory.

1. A substrate processing system for depositing film on a substrate,comprising: a processing chamber defining a reaction volume andincluding a substrate support for supporting the substrate; a gasdelivery system configured to introduce process gas into the reactionvolume of the processing chamber; a plasma generator configured toselectively generate RF plasma in the reaction volume; a clamping systemconfigured to clamp the substrate to the substrate support duringdeposition of the film; and a backside purging system configured tosupply a reactant gas and not inert gas to a backside edge of thesubstrate to purge the backside edge during the deposition of the film.2. The substrate processing system of claim 1, wherein the clampingsystem includes a vacuum clamping system to clamp the substrate to thesubstrate support using vacuum pressure.
 3. The substrate processingsystem of claim 1, wherein the reactant gas to purge the backside edgeincludes molecular oxygen and the film includes silicon dioxide.
 4. Thesubstrate processing system of claim 1, wherein the reactant gas topurge the backside edge includes nitrous oxide and the film includessilicon dioxide.
 5. The substrate processing system of claim 1, whereinthe reactant gas to purge the backside edge includes molecular oxygenand the film includes titanium dioxide.
 6. The substrate processingsystem of claim 1, wherein the reactant gas to purge the backside edgeincludes nitrous oxide and the film includes titanium dioxide.
 7. Thesubstrate processing system of claim 1, wherein the reactant gas topurge the backside edge includes molecular nitrogen and the filmincludes silicon nitride.
 8. The substrate processing system of claim 1,wherein the reactant gas to purge the backside edge includes ammonia andthe film includes silicon nitride.
 9. The substrate processing system ofclaim 1, wherein the film is deposited using atomic layer deposition.10. The substrate processing system of claim 2, wherein the backsidepurging system flows the reactant gas at a rate sufficient to move thesubstrate in the absence of the vacuum pressure.
 11. The substrateprocessing system of claim 2, wherein the vacuum clamping systemincludes: a valve; a cavity arranged on a substrate-facing surface ofthe substrate support, wherein the cavity is in fluid communication withthe valve; and a vacuum source in fluid communication with the valve.12. The substrate processing system of claim 1, wherein the backsidepurging system includes: a valve; a cavity arranged on asubstrate-facing surface of the substrate support adjacent to an edge ofthe substrate, wherein the cavity is in fluid communication with thevalve; and a reactant gas source in fluid communication with the valve.13. The substrate processing system of claim 1, further comprising acontroller configured to control the gas delivery system, the plasmagenerator, the clamping system, and the backside purging system duringone or more atomic layer deposition cycles. 14-25. (canceled)